Schedule for 12-12-13

Current Affairs - December 10, 2013

Current Affairs

December 10, 2013

International Affairs

1. Human Rights Day was observed today (10^th December) across the world to bring to light the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2013 Theme of the day is “20 Years Working for Your Rights”.  The UN General Assembly proclaimed 10 December as Human Rights Day in 1950, to bring to the attention ‘of the peoples of the world’ the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations. The United Nations General Assembly in December 1993 created the mandate of High Commissioner for the promotion and protection of all human rights. This year, the office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights marks 20 years since its establishment.

2. The World Innovation Summit for Health, WISH-2013 began in Qatar’s capital Doha today with a call for practical, innovative and sustainable health solutions. More than 500 global health leaders, policy makers and analysts from 67 countries have gathered in Doha to discuss ways and means to improve the outreach of health care services to the people across the world. Union Health and Family Welfare Secretary Kesav Desiraju is representing India at the Conference.

3. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the winner this year's NOBEL peace prize for its efforts around the world has announced that it will use the prize money to set up it's own award. 

4. Israel, Jordan and the Palestinians signed a historic water-sharing initiative at the World Bank in Washington Monday that could protect water resources in the region amid rising demand.

5. World leaders from US President Barack Obama to Cuba's Raul Castro joined thousands of South Africans to honour Nelson Mandela on Tuesday in a memorial that will celebrate his gift for uniting enemies across political and racial divides.

6. The US called for peaceful resolution of political differences in Thailand.

7. Pakistan’s newly appointed Army chief Gen Raheel Sharif on Tuesday visited the Line of Control that had seen escalating tensions in the recent past.

8. The US is keeping a close tab on Sri Lanka to see that it develops a credible justice mechanism to address allegations of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, a top American official has said.

9. In a bid to attract more tourists, Malaysia has reintroduced visa on arrival facility for Indian nationals, but only if they enter from a third country.

National Affairs

10. Week-long campaign 'Jurrat: Aazaad Chalo, Bebaak Chalo!' began in Delhi to mark a year of December 16 gang-rape incident.

11. BJP's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi is the most talked about person on Facebook in India beating likes of cricketing legend Sachin Tendulkar and Apple iconic device iPhone 5s, the US-based social networking site said today.

12. Today is the death anniversary of legendary Bollywood actor Ashok Kumar.

13. 6th edition of Guwahati Film Festival to begin in Guwahati. Dedicated to national award-winning music director Sher Choudhury, who passed away recently

Social activist Anna Hazare to start indefinite hunger strike for strong Lokpal Bill at Yadavbaba temple in Ralegan Sidhi, Maharashtra

14. A day after the assembly poll results in four states, West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee left for Delhi on Monday amidst speculation that the purpose of the visit was to test the political waters in the run up to next year's general elections.

15. Smt. Jayanthi Natarajan, Minister of State for Environment & Forests inaugurated the Asia Regional Workshop on Bamboo and Rattan at Delhi today

16. Today is the birth anniversary of India’s last Governor General C Rajagopalachari

17. Trinamool Congress has asked West Bengal Human Rights Commission Chairman and former Supreme Court judge Ashok Ganguly, indicted by a Supreme Court panel in a sexual harassment matter, to step down on World Human Rights Day on Tuesday, saying "violators cannot be guardians."

18. US Secretary of State John Kerry will meet Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh today, who is visiting the city to hold high-level consultations with the top American officials.

19. India and the United Arab Emirates are expected to sign a Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection agreement (BIPA) during the official visit of Sheikh Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, UAE Foreign Minister, which begins on December 12.

20. Former Supreme Court judge Ashok Kumar Ganguly, who was indicted over allegations of sexually harassing a law intern, today ruled out his resignation as chief of WBHRC, as a fresh demand was made coinciding with Human Rights day.

21. Welcoming the Supreme Court order restricting use of red beacon, Union minister Jairam Ramesh on Tuesday said only the President and the Prime Minister should have the privilege and favoured a similar criteria for providing security escort.

Deaths

22. The author of more than 120 books, Mrs. Pollock died Dec. 3 at a nursing home near her house in Lanreath, in southwest England. She was 105.

Awards and Honors

23. Pakistani teenage activist Malala Yousafzai, to be awarded 2013 United Nations Human Rights Prize.

24. 8 Indian documentaries, including Sandip Ray's "The Sound of Old Rooms" scheduled to be screened at a Film Festival in Tehran

Appointments

25. Ranjan Mathai, who served as the deputy high commissioner in London from 2005 to 2007, has taken over as the next high commissioner of India, succeeding Jaimini Bhagwati, who retired earlier in 2013. 

26. The Appointments Committee of Cabinet has appointed Sumit Bose, a 1976 batch Madhya Pradesh cadre IAS officer, as Finance Secretary.

Business and Economy

27. The companies Google Inc, Microsoft Corp, Apple Inc, Facebook Inc, Twitter, LinkedIn Corp, Yahoo Inc and AOL Inc issued an open letter to U.S. President Barack Obama and Congress to bring in reforms and restrictions on surveillance activities.

28. Facebook unveiled plans Monday on a partnership with New York University for a new center for artificial intelligence, aimed at harnessing the huge social network's massive trove of data.

29. Mukesh Ambani-led Reliance Jio Infocomm and Sunil Mittal-headed Bharti Airtel today announced a comprehensive arrangement for sharing telecom infrastructure, a partnership that will help them reduce costs they incur on their respective networks.

30. Competition Commission slaps Rs 1,773 crore penalty on Coal India for abuse of dominant position

31. Citing security concerns the Home Ministry has opposed hike in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) caps in sectors like aviation and telecom, Lok Sabha was informed today.

CK: Basics of Networking

Computer Networking Basics

Networking:

A network is a collection two or more standalone computers that communicate with one another over a shared network medium to share resource and information.

Networking Components:

Network Interface Cards:  It allows a network capable device such as computer, printer etc to access a computer network.  Every NIC card has a unique MAC (media access control) address which is assigned to NIC Card for communications on the physical network segment.

Hubs: 

 A hub is a device for connecting multiple ethernet cables to communicate and making a network segment.

Switches:  A switch is a networking device that connects network segments or network devices. It forwards and filters datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports based on the Mac-Addresses in the packets. It works faster than hubs.

Routers:  A router is a networking device that works on the basis of routing tables and routing policies configured by the programmer. A router has its own Processor, OS, memory etc.

Classifying Networks:

On the basis of scale or extent of reach of network: 

LAN (Local Area Network): LANs are networks usually confined to a geographic area, such as a building, college or within a house to share information and resources. Speed of data transfer in LAN is very fast as compared to MAN and WAN.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):  It refers to a network of computers with in a City or a Metropolitan area.

WAN (Wide Area Network): Wide Area Networking combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate by using private or public network transports (ISP).

On the basis of hardware technology: Optical fiber, Ethernet, Wireless LAN.

• Functional relationship:

Client-Server: In a client/server network, all information and resources are used to store in a single central location like Server. Other client machines like computers used and access those resource from the server by network connection. It is used for some specific tasks like file sharing, print processing, Internet connectivity, e-mail service etc.

Peer-to-peer: The most basic way to connect multiple computers in a peer-to-peer network to allow multiple users to share information or resources. It is used to connect computers running on workgroup.

Protocol:  

The OSI Model:

A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. There are seven layers in OSI Model:  physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and the application layer. When data is transfer in packet format it has to pass all the seven layers to reach the destination.

Physical Layer:  The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.  Protocols: ISDN

Data Link Layer: At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits.  The layer also determines the size and format of data sent. The data link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from onenode to another over the physical layer. Protocols: Logical Link Control, Media Access Control.

Network Layer:  This layer determines how the data packets will travel through different networks. The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding which physical path the data should take based on network conditions, priority of service, and other factors. Protocols: IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, RIP.

Transport Layer: This layer allows data to be broken into smaller packages for data to be distributed and addressed to other nodes (workstations).  Protocols: TCP, ARP, RARP, SPXNWLink, NetBIOS / NetBEUI.

Session Layer: The Session layer establishes, maintains, and manages the communication session between computers. Protocols: NetBIOSNames .

Presentation Layer: This layer is responsible to code and decode data sent to the destination or node.

CK: Computer Term Abbreviations

Computer Term Abbreviations

Abbreviations	Full Terms
AAA	Authentication Authorization Accounting
ABR	Area Border Router
ACK	ACKnowledgement
AD	Active Directory
AIX	Advanced Interactive eXecutive
AJAX	Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
ALGOL	Algorithmic Language
ALU	Arithmetic and Logical Unit
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
APCI	Application-Layer Protocol Control Information
API	Application Programming Interface
APIC	Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
ARP	Address Resolution Protocol
ARPANET	Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
ASCII	American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC	Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
ASR	Asynchronous Signal Routine
ATM	Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AVI	Audio Video Interleaved
B2B	Business-to-Business
B2C	Business-to-Consumer
BAL	Basic Assembly Language
BASIC	Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BGP	Border Gateway Protocol
BIND	Berkeley Internet Name Domain
BIOS	Basic Input Output System
BMP	Basic Multilingual Plane
BOOTP	Bootstrap Protocol
CA	Certificate Authority
CAD	Computer-Aided Design
CD	Compact Disc
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access
CD-ROM	CD Read-Only Memory
CHAP	Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
CLI	Command Line Interface
CMOS	Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
COBOL	Common Business-Oriented Language
CPU	Central Processing Unit
DAT	Digital Audio Tape
DB	Database
DBA	Database Administrator
DBMS	Database Management System
DDL	Data Definition Language
DFD	Data Flow Diagram
DIVX	Digital Video Express
DLL	Dynamic Link Library
DMA	Direct Memory Access
DMI	Direct Media Interface
DNS	Domain Name System
DOS	Disk Operating System
DPI	Dots Per Inch
DSL	Digital Subscriber Line
DVD	Digital Video Disc
EEPROM	Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EGA	Enhanced Graphics Array
EIGRP	Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
EMACS	Editor MACroS
EPROM	Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
ERP	Enterprise Resource Planning
FAT	File Allocation Table
FDDI	Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDMA	Frequency-Division Multiple Access
FIFO	First In First Out
FS	File System
FSCK	File System Check
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
FQDN	Fully Qualified Domain Name
GIF	Graphics Interchange Format
GIS	Geographic Information System
GNOME	GNU Network Object Model Environment
GSM	Global System for Mobile Communications
GUI	Graphical User Interface
HAL	Hardware Abstraction Layer
HDD	Hard Disk Drive
HCL	Hardware Compatibility List
HDMI	High-Definition Multimedia Interface
HTM	Hierarchical Temporal Memory
HTML	Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP	Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IC	Integrated Circuit
ICMP	Internet Control Message Protocol
ICP	Internet Cache Protocol
IE	Internet Explorer
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IGMP	Internet Group Management Protocol
IIS	Internet Information Services
IM	Instant Messaging
IP	Internet Protocol
IPsec	Internet Protocol security
IRQ	Interrupt Request
IS	Information Systems
iSCSI	Internet Small Computer System Interface
ISDN	Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
ISP	Internet Service Provider
IT	Information Technology
ITIL	Information Technology Infrastructure Library
IVRS	Interactive Voice Response System
J2EE	Java 2 Enterprise Edition
JMX	Java Management Extensions
JPEG	Joint Photographic Experts Group
KVM	Keyboard, Video, Mouse
L2TP	Layer two Tunneling Protocol
LAN	Local Area Network
LCD	Liquid Crystal Display
LDAP	Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LED	Light-Emitting Diode
LIFO	Last In First Out
MAC	Media Access Control
MAN	Metropolitan Area Network
MAPI	Messaging Application Programming Interface
MBR	Master Boot Record
MICR	Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIS	Management Information Systems
MIME	Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MMU	Memory Management Unit
MPEG	Motion Pictures Experts Group
MPLS	Multiprotocol Label Switching
MTU	Maximum Transmission Unit
NAS	Network-Attached Storage
NAT	Network Address Translation
NetBIOS	Network Basic Input/Output System
NFS	Network File System
NIC	Network Interface Controller
NLP	Natural Language Processing
NNTP	Network News Transfer Protocol
NTP	Network Time Protocol
ODBC	Open DataBase Connectivity
OMR	Optical Mark Recognition
OS	Operating System
OSI	Open Systems Interconnection
OSPF	Open Shortest Path First
PC	Personal Computer
PCI	Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDF	Portable Document Format
PKI	Public Key Infrastructure
PoE	Power over Ethernet
POST	Power-On Self Test
PXE	Preboot Execution Environment
RADIUS	Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
RAID	Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAM	Random Access Memory
RDBMS	Relational Database Management System
RDC	Remote Desktop Connection
RF	Radio Frequency
RHEL	Red Hat Enterprise Linux
RIP	Routing Information Protocol
ROM	Read Only Memory
SAN	Storage Area Network
SCSI	Small Computer System Interface
SDK	Software Development Kit
SEO	Search Engine Optimization
SIP	Session Initiation Protocol
SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP	Simple Network Management Protocol
SNTP	Simple Network Time Protocol
SOHO	Small Office/Home Office
SQL	Structured Query Language
SSH	Secure Shell
SWF	Shock Wave Flash
TCP	Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP	Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TFT	Thin Film Transistor
TFTP	Trivial File Transfer Protocol
TTL	Time To Live
UDDI	Universal Description, Discovery and Integration
UDP	User Datagram Protocol
UNC	Universal Naming Convention
UPS	Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL	Uniform Resource Locator
USB	Universal Serial Bus
UUID	Universally Unique Identifier
VGA	Video Graphics Adapter
VLAN	Virtual Local Area Network
VNC	Virtual Network Computing
VoIP	Voice over Internet Protocol
VPN	Virtual Private Network
VSAT	Very Small Aperture Terminal
WAN	Wide Area Network
WiMAX	Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WINS	Windows Internet Name Service
WLAN	Wireless Local Area Network
WMV	Windows Media Video
WWW	World Wide Web
WYSIWYG	What You See Is What You Get
XHTML	eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
XML	eXtensible Markup Language